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Table: Common exploit types by target category
Hardware exploits target firmware, processors, and physical components. The Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities demonstrated that even processor-level flaws can be exploited, affecting nearly every chip manufactured in the past two decades.
Network security exploits manipulate protocols, intercept traffic through man-in-the-middle attacks, or overwhelm systems through denial-of-service techniques.
| Type | Description | Example | Risk Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buffer overflow | Sends more data than a buffer can handle, overwriting adjacent memory to execute malicious code | Stack-based overflow in legacy C applications | Critical |
| SQL injection | Inserts malicious SQL code into input fields to manipulate database queries | Login bypass, data extraction | High |
| Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) | Tricks authenticated users into performing unintended actions | Unauthorized fund transfers, password changes | Medium-High |
| Memory corruption | Manipulates memory through integer overflows, heap spraying, or return-oriented programming (ROP) | Spectre and Meltdown processor vulnerabilities | Critical |
| Authentication bypass | Circumvents login mechanisms through cryptographic flaws or logic errors | SAML signature verification bypass | Critical |
Hardware exploits target firmware, processors, and physical components. The Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities demonstrated that even processor-level flaws can be exploited, affecting nearly every chip manufactured in the past two decades.
Network security exploits manipulate protocols, intercept traffic through man-in-the-middle attacks, or overwhelm systems through denial-of-service techniques.